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Types Of Trucks
The dump truck is a truck used for transporting loose material for construction. A typical dump truck is equipped with a hydraulically operated open-box bed hinged at the rear, the front of which can be lifted up to allow the contents to be deposited on the ground behind the truck at the site.
The dump truck was first conceived 1920 when Robert T. Mawhinney attached to a dump box to a flat bed truck in. The lifting device was a winch attached to a cable that fed over sheave or pulley, mounted on a mast behind the cab. The cable was connected to the lower front end of the wooden dump box which was attached by a pivot at the back of the truck frame. The operator turned a crank to raise and lower the box. Today, virtually all dump trucks operate by hydraulics and they come in a variety of configurations each designed to accomplish a specific task in the construction industry.
The Standard Dump Truck
The standard dump truck is a full truck chassis with a dump body mounted to the frame. The dump body is raised by a hydraulic ram mounted forward of the front bulkhead, between the truck cab and the dump body. Then the tailgate can be configured to swing on hinges or it can be configured in the High Lift Tailgate format.
The standard dump truck has one front axle, and one or more rear axles which typically have dual wheels on each side. Common configurations for a standard dump truck include the six wheeler which has one rear axle, the ten wheeler with two rear axles, and the tri-axle with three rear axles. These are mainly found in cities and in the deep south. The rear two axles are powered and the front axle is the steeing axle. The intermediate axles are present to support the weigh over the length of the chassis and sometimes to provide additional braking power.
The short wheelbase of a standard dump truck makes it more maneuverable than the higher capacity semi-trailer dump trucks.
Transfer Dump Truck
The transfer dump is a standard dump truck which pulls a separate trailer which can also be loaded with aggregate. Such as gravel, sand, asphalt, snow, wood chips, etc.
The second aggregate container, on the trailer which is powered by either an electric, pneumatic motor or hydraulic line from a PTO (power take off) mounted on the transmission of the tractor, rides on small wheels and rolls on rails off of the trailer frame and into the empty main dump (A) box. The key advantage of this configuration is to maximize payload capacity without sacrificing the maneuverability of the short and nimble standard dump truck. Transfer dumps are typically seen in the western United States because of the peculiar weight restrictions on western highways.
Another configuration seen is called a Triple Transfer Train, which consists of a B and C box. These are common on Nevada and Utah Highways but not in California. Depending on the axle arrangement, a Triple Transfer can haul up to 129,000 with a special permit in certain US states. The Triple Transfer usually costs a contractor about $105 an hour while a A/B config usually runs about $85 per hour (2007 stats).
Superdump Truck
The Superdump is a straight dump truck equipped with a trailing axle, a lift-able, load-bearing axle rated as high as 13,000 pounds. Trailing 11 to 13 feet behind the rear tandem, the trailing axle stretches the outer "bridge" measurement—the distance between the first and last axles—to the maximum overall length allowed. This increases the gross weight allowed under the federal bridge formula, which sets standards for truck size and weight. Depending on the vehicle length and axle configuration, Superdumps can be rated as high as 80,000 pounds GVW and carry 26 tons of payload or more. When the truck is empty or ready to offload, the trailing axle toggles up off the road surface on two hydraulic arms to clear the rear of the vehicle. Truck owners call their trailing axle-equipped trucks Superdumps because they far exceed the payload, productivity, and return on investment of a conventional dump truck. This is for serious hauling.
Semi Trailer End Dump Truck
The semi end dump is a tractor-trailer combination wherein the trailer itself contains the hydraulic hoist. A typical semi end dump has a 3-axle tractor pulling a 2-axle semi-trailer. The key advantage of a semi end dump is rapid unloading. A key disadvantage is that they are very unstable when raised in the dumping position limiting their use in many applications where the dumping location is uneven or off level.
Double and Triple Trailer Bottom Dump Truck
Double and triple bottom dumps consist of a 2-axle tractor pulling one single-axle semi-trailer and an additional full trailer (or two full trailers in the case of triples). These dump trucks allow the driver to lay material in wind rows without ever leaving the cab or even stopping the truck. The main disadvantage is the difficulty in backing double and triple units in reverse.
The specific type of dump truck used in any specific country is likely to be closely keyed to the weight and axle limitations of that jurisdiction. Rock, dirt and other types of materials commonly hauled in trucks of this type are quite heavy, and almost any style of truck can be easily overloaded. Because of this, this type of truck is frequently configured to take advantage of local weight limitations so as to maximize the allowed weight. For example, within the United States, a maximum weight limit of 40 tons is mandated throughout the country except for specific bridges that may not be safe with that weight, however, individual states in some instances are allowed to authorize trucks up to 52.5 tons, however, most states that do so, require that the trucks be very long so as to spread the weight out over more distance. It is in this context that you see the double and triple bottoms within the United States.
Side Dump Truck
The side dump truck consists of a 3-axle tractor pulling a 2-axle semi-trailer. It has hydraulic rams which tilt the dump body onto its side, spilling the material to either the left or right side of the trailer. The key advantages of the side dump are that it allows rapid unloading and can carry more weight in western United States. In addition, it is almost immune to upset (tipping over) while dumping unlike the semi end dumps which are very prone to tipping over. It is, however, highly likely that a side dump trailer will tip over if dumping is stopped prematurely. Also, when dumping lose materials or cobble sized stone, the side dump can become stuck if the pile becomes wide enough to cover too much of the trailer's wheels. Although, Side Dump Industries manufactures Side Dump trailers that have a 50° dump angle - which allows you to walk between the dumped load and the trailer. Whereas brand x's trailers dumped load will go under the tires - causing it to get stuck in it's own pile. Side Dump Industries trailers come in a variety of sizes, depending on you application. Single Axle, Tandem, Tri, & Quad Axle configurations are available from Side Dump Industries, as well as complete train sets.
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